Certified Ethical Hacker (CEH)

Authorization, scope, rules of engagement, evidence, reporting, and legal boundaries

Build an isolated lab and follow safe testing practice

Apply a repeatable penetration-testing methodology

Passive and active information gathering

Search, metadata, DNS, people, infrastructure, and exposure analysis

Record findings and minimize unnecessary data collection

Host discovery, ports, services, versions, operating systems, and scan strategy

Use Nmap and related tools safely

Interpret and validate scan results

Enumerate common network, identity, file, web, and directory services

Turn service evidence into testable hypotheses

Document attack surface without overclaiming risk

Vulnerability sources, scanners, validation, severity, context, and false positives

Prioritize findings using exploitability and business impact

Produce actionable remediation advice

Authentication attacks, password security, privilege escalation, persistence concepts, and cleanup

Test Windows and Linux systems in the authorized lab

Capture evidence without damaging the target

Malware types, delivery, behaviour, indicators, and defence

Static and dynamic analysis concepts in a controlled environment

Recommend prevention, detection, and response controls

Ethernet, ARP, DNS, HTTP, TLS, packet capture, and protocol analysis

Detect insecure traffic and man-in-the-middle conditions

Protect switched and wireless networks

Human attack vectors, pretexting, phishing, physical risk, and awareness testing

Plan ethical simulations with consent and safety controls

Measure and improve organizational resilience

Availability threats, rate abuse, session tokens, cookies, and hijacking concepts

Validate resilience without disrupting real services

Recommend layered mitigation and monitoring

Firewalls, IDS/IPS, honeypots, proxies, segmentation, and common bypass concepts

Test controls in a lab and interpret alerts

Balance prevention, detection, and response

Server hardening, authentication, access control, input validation, and OWASP risks

Test with an intercepting proxy in an authorized lab

Explain impact and practical remediation

SQL injection causes, discovery, confirmation, and prevention

Parameterized queries, least privilege, validation, and monitoring

Write a reproducible finding without exposing sensitive data

Wireless standards and attacks, mobile application risks, IoT exposure, and cloud misconfiguration

Select safe test methods for each environment

Recommend identity, network, encryption, and monitoring controls

Hashing, symmetric and asymmetric encryption, certificates, signatures, and key management

Recognize common implementation and operational failures

Apply cryptography appropriately rather than designing custom schemes

Scope and conduct an authorized end-to-end assessment

Validate findings, assign risk, preserve evidence, and retest fixes

Deliver an executive summary and technical remediation report